Prohibited Methods In Sport

1. Blood Doping

• What it is: Increasing the number of red blood cells to enhance oxygen delivery to muscles.
• How it's Done: Transfusing blood or using drugs like EPO.
• Risks: Can cause blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks.

2. Gene Doping

• What it is: Altering genes to improve athletic performance.
• How it's Done: Using gene therapy techniques to enhance muscle growth or endurance.
• Risks: Unknown long-term effects, potential for severe health issues.

3. Manipulation of Blood and Blood Components

• What it is: Altering blood composition to enhance performance.
• How it's Done: Using methods like plasma expanders or artificial oxygen carriers.
• Risks: Can cause severe health complications, including infections and cardiovascular issues.

4. Chemical and Physical Manipulation

• What it is: Tampering with samples or using substances to mask the use of banned drugs.
• How it's Done: Using diuretics, catheterization, or sample substitution.
• Risks: Can lead to serious health problems and violates ethical standards.

⭐ Importance of Prohibition

• Fair Play: Ensures a level playing field for all athletes.
• Health Protection: Prevents dangerous health risks associated with these methods.
• Ethical Standards: Maintains the integrity and honesty of sport.