Cellular Differentiation

Introduction

• Cellular differentiation is a fundamental process in multicellular organisms.

Definition of Differentiation

• Differentiation involves cells expressing specific genes that define their type.

Specialization of Functions

• Differentiated cells have specific functions in the body.
• Examples include muscle cells, nerve cells, and red blood cells.

Limitations of Differentiation

• Specialised cells lose the ability to replicate.
• Reduction in replication capacity with increased specialisation.

Role of Stem Cells

• Unsuitable cells can be replenished by stem cells.
• Stem cells have the unique ability to divide and produce both stem cells and differentiated cells.

Types of Stem Cells

• Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type.
• Adult stem cells are multipotent and have limited differentiation potential.
• Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are reprogrammed adult cells with regained pluripotency.

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Biology

Cellular Differentiation

Practical Applications

• Stem cell therapies and regenerative medicine.
• Research into tissue repair and replacement.

Summary

Cellular differentiation is the process of cells becoming specialised to perform specific functions. Specialised cells are essential for multicellular organisms, but they often lose the ability to replicate. Stem cells, including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells, play a vital role in tissue repair and regeneration. Understanding differentiation and stem cells has significant medical applications and holds promise for future therapies.