National Efficiency

National Efficiency and Reasons for Reforms

Industrial Revolution

While the Industrial Revolution began in Britain, it was spreading rapidly to other parts of the world. Britain remained a leader in manufacturing, including goods like jute and ships, but there were concerns about losing this status.

Declining Industrial Production

Britain's share of global industrial production declined significantly over time. In 1870, it accounted for 32%, but by 1913, it had dropped to only 14%, causing worry among many in Britain.

Rise of the USA and Germany

Germany and the USA were emerging as powerful industrial nations. Both countries had strong workforces, growing populations, and expanding industries, potentially overtaking Britain as the world's major power.

Germany's Success:

Germany had already taken steps to address poverty, introducing benefits like pensions in the 1880s. To compete with Germany economically and militarily, Britain needed to implement similar reforms.

Building a Stronger Workforce

Maintaining economic leadership required a stronger and healthier workforce. This meant addressing the various causes of poverty.

Impact on Key Industries

Reforms often benefited industries that competed globally, such as unemployment benefits for seasonal workers like those in shipyards.

Limited Impact

Despite some reforms, many working conditions remained challenging, with long hours and unsafe environments. Achieving more significant changes faced opposition from employers and politicians.

---

National Efficiency

Conclusion

Britain's declining industrial production and the rise of economic competitors like Germany and the USA prompted a series of reforms, though their impact on improving workers' conditions remained limited.