Pull factors – Internal migration

Internal Migration : Pull Factors (1880-1939)

Introduction

Internal migration significantly shaped Scotland between 1880 and 1939, primarily moving people from the Highlands to the Lowlands. Various 'pull factors' like job prospects, higher wages, and improved living conditions motivated this shift. This note breaks down these factors.

Job Opportunities

• Industrial Lowlands: Varied sectors like shipyards, mines, and factories in the Lowlands offered more employment.
• Women in Workforce: Highland women also found jobs in factories and mills.
• Crisis Employment: Events like the potato famine led Highlanders to seek jobs in the Lowlands.

Wages and Economic Factors

• Higher Wages: Lowlands generally offered better pay, thus improving the standard of living.
• Cash Over Kind: Factory and mine jobs paid in cash, offering more financial freedom than farm jobs.

Housing Conditions

• Urban vs. Rural: Urban housing was generally better than Highland 'blackhouses'.
• Urban Reforms: Slum clearances in cities improved housing conditions.

Family and Social Aspects

• Family Support: Relatives in cities made the migration process easier.
• Heritage Preservation: Highlanders formed organizations to keep their culture alive.

Entertainment and Leisure

• Urban Entertainment: Cities offered multiple options like music halls, sports, and cinemas.
• Community Life: Football clubs and community events also served as attractions.

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Pull factors – Internal migration

Healthcare and Education

• Better Access: Cities had more healthcare and educational facilities, often at lower costs.

Role of Railways

• Enhanced Connectivity: Railways made it easier to move between remote and urban areas.
• Seasonal Migration: Railways allowed for temporary migration during farming off-seasons.

Conclusion

Internal migration in Scotland during 1880-1939 was motivated by a complex set of pull factors, ranging from economic to social. Understanding these aspects provides valuable insights into Scotland's transformation during this era.