Push factors – Lowlands

Emigration Push Factors Lowlands Scotland

Introduction

The 19th and early 20th centuries were pivotal times in Scottish history, marked by significant emigration from the Lowlands. Today's class aims to shed light on the myriad push factors that compelled Lowland Scots to leave their homeland during this period.

Definition of Lowlands and Push Factors

The term "Lowlands" pertains to the geographical areas of Scotland that are not part of the Highlands. They are predominantly located in the east, south, and central regions of the country. Push factors are conditions that drive people to leave their home country due to adverse circumstances.

Industrialization and Urbanization

The Industrial Revolution dramatically changed the face of Scotland. Factories, shipyards, and mines sprung up, leading to a massive influx of people into urban areas. For instance, Glasgow's population swelled from 77,000 in 1801 to 760,000 by 1901, leading to a scarcity of jobs and housing.

Working Conditions

Workers faced dismal working conditions, with poor lighting and ventilation in factories and long hours in mines. These environments were detrimental to health and safety, causing frequent accidents, injuries, and even deaths.

Wages and Employment

Most Lowland Scots received low wages and had limited opportunities for better pay. There was also seasonal unemployment; for example, builders often had no work from November to February. Wages in Scotland lagged behind those in England, widening the income gap.

Social Welfare and Economic Factors

The government provided no social benefits like sick pay or unemployment benefits in the 1800s, worsening poverty conditions. The end of World War One in 1918 led to a sharp decline in jobs in heavy industries. The situation deteriorated further during the 1930s global economic Depression.

---

Push factors – Lowlands

Housing Conditions

Overcrowding was a pervasive issue, often leading to the spread of diseases due to poor sanitation. A third of Scots lived in one-roomed houses called "single ends," which could accommodate up to 15 people. Many homes lacked basic amenities like windows, lighting, and heating.

Health and Disease

Poor living conditions led to the rapid spread of diseases like tuberculosis and cholera. Until the NHS was established in 1948, healthcare was not easily accessible, making disease and ill health major problems.

Penal Colony and Transportation

Until 1867, Australia served as a penal colony for Britain. Around 8,000 Scots, often convicted of severe crimes, were sent to Australia between 1787 and 1868 as part of their punishment.

Conclusion

The Lowlands of Scotland witnessed significant emigration due to a range of push factors, from industrialization and poor working conditions to low wages and a lack of social welfare. Understanding these push factors offers valuable insights into the hardships faced by Lowland Scots and explains why so many chose to seek better lives elsewhere.