Balliol's time as king

King John Balliol

Introduction

The reign of King John Balliol was a tumultuous period in Scotland's history, defined largely by his strained relationship with Edward I of England. Although appointed King through the process of "The Great Cause," Balliol's reign was fraught with challenges, both from within Scotland and from the English Crown. This document aims to outline the key events during Balliol's reign and the ways in which his authority was undermined.

Ascension to the Throne

John Balliol ascended to the throne on St. Andrew's Day, November 30, 1292, during a ceremony in Scone. One of his first acts was to swear loyalty to King Edward, which he was compelled to do in Newcastle.

Initial Hopes and Disappointment

The Scottish nobles hoped that Edward would not enforce overlordship once they had a king. This hope was shattered when Edward demanded homage for all Balliol's lands, not just those in England.

Undermining Legal Authority

Balliol's role in settling legal disputes was consistently undermined. When disagreements arose, appeals were made to Edward, eroding Balliol's influence and power.

Early Instances of Humiliation

Just a week into his reign, a politician from Berwick appealed to Edward over a decision made by Balliol. Edward forced Balliol to reverse his decision and concede that the Treaty of Birgham no longer applied, a move that humiliated Balliol.

Administrative Interference

Edward further undermined Balliol by appointing an Englishman, Master Thomas of Hunsingore, as the new Chancellor of Scotland and insisted that he be referred to as Treasurer, in line with English law.

The Macduff Case

Perhaps the clearest case of Balliol's undermined authority was when Macduff, a Scot who had lost his lands, appealed to Edward. Balliol was then publicly embarrassed by Edward, who forced him to travel to England to explain himself.

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Balliol's time as king

Internal Opposition

Balliol was not only undermined by Edward but also faced internal strife, particularly from the Bruce family and other losing candidates in the Great Cause. Their lack of support further weakened his position.

Involvement in Anglo-French Relations

Edward's decision to attack France further complicated Balliol's reign. Scotland was unwillingly dragged into this dispute, aggravating the Scottish nobility and commoners alike.

The Scots Resist

The Scottish nobility finally resisted Edward's impositions by appointing 12 new Guardians. These Guardians reached an agreement with France, known as the Auld Alliance, to jointly oppose Edward.

Treaty of Paris and Edward's Revenge

Signed on February 23, 1296, the Treaty of Paris or the Auld Alliance committed Scotland and France to mutual support. Edward's reaction to this was furious, and he began planning retaliation against Scotland.

Conclusion

John Balliol's reign is a case study in the vulnerabilities of a leader who lacks both internal and external support. The various ways his authority was undermined by Edward I of England, internal factions, and even international events provide a comprehensive look at the struggles faced by Scotland during this critical period in its history.