Alexander III and the Succession Crisis

During & Before Cuban Missile Crisis

Introduction

The reign of Alexander III of Scotland is a significant chapter in Scottish history, characterized by economic growth, military victories, and diplomatic intricacies. However, his life was also marked by personal tragedies and a tumultuous succession crisis that shaped Scotland's future. This document aims to provide a concise overview of Alexander III's life and the events that followed his death.

Early Life and Ascension to the Throne

Alexander III was born in 1249 and ascended to the Scottish throne at the young age of 8, following his father's death. Alan Durward served as his regent until Alexander reached the age of 21 in 1262.

Accomplishments as King

Alexander III's reign was marked by significant accomplishments. Economically, he facilitated increased job opportunities and expanded trade, particularly with the European continent. A prime example of this was the export of wool to Flanders in Belgium.

Military Success

He regained control of the Western Isles from Norwegian rule and defeated the Norwegians at the Battle of Largs in 1263. This led to the official transfer of the Western Isles to Scotland.

Relations with England

In his relations with England, Alexander III refused to pay homage to King Henry III, father-in-law. He considered himself equal to both Henry III and his successor, Edward I. However, he did agree to pay homage to Edward I, but only for lands in England, not for Scotland.

Personal Life and Struggles

Alexander III faced personal tragedies; his wife Margaret (daughter of Henry II) and all three of his children predeceased him. His only remaining blood relative was his granddaughter Margaret, the daughter of the king of Norway. Hoping for a new heir, Alexander married Yolande de Dreux but unfortunately died in an accident.

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Alexander III & the succession crisis

The Succession Crisis

When Yolande was initially believed to be pregnant but wasn't, fears of a civil war or English control emerged. A parliament convened in Scone to discuss the matter. Alexander had made nobles promise in 1284 to accept his granddaughter Margaret as the queen if he had no more children. Despite this, there was opposition due to her young age and other factors.

Governance Through Guardians

To navigate the crisis, a group of Guardians was appointed to govern Scotland based on the concept of the Community of the Realm. Despite this, Scotland remained divided between supporters of Robert Bruce and John Balliol, who both contested for the throne.

Edward I's Intervention

King Edward I of England proposed marrying his son, Edward, to Margaret (the Maid of Norway). This was formalized in the Treaty of Birgham in 1290, which included clauses for Scottish independence.

Tragic Turn of Events

Margaret died during her sea journey to Scotland in 1290, leaving no heir and plunging Scotland into the brink of civil war.

Bishop Fraser's Solution

To prevent the civil war, Bishop Fraser proposed the intervention of King Edward I of England.

Conclusion

Alexander III's reign was an era of progress and prosperity for Scotland, yet it concluded with a succession crisis that had far-reaching implications for the country's future. The death of Alexander III and his designated heirs left a power vacuum, leading to internal divisions and external interventions. The resultant crisis shaped Scottish governance and its relations with England, setting the stage for further complexities in the years to come.