Peripheral Vascular Disorder: Causes & Effects

Introduction

Peripheral vascular disorders encompass a range of conditions that affect the arteries and veins outside the heart and brain. These disorders can have a significant impact on blood circulation to the extremities, such as the legs, and can lead to various symptoms and complications. In this topic, we will explore the causes and effects of peripheral vascular disorders, with a focus on peripheral vascular disease and deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Peripheral Vascular Disease

1. Definition

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), also known as peripheral artery disease (PAD), is a condition characterised by the narrowing of arteries in the peripheral vascular system. Unlike coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease, which affect the heart and brain arteries, PVD primarily affects arteries in the legs.

2. Causes

Atherosclerosis: The primary cause of PVD is atherosclerosis, the gradual build-up of fatty deposits (atheromas) within arterial walls. Atheromas narrow the arteries, reducing blood flow.

3. Effects

• Limited Oxygen Supply: As the arteries in the legs become narrowed, the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the leg muscles is restricted. This reduced oxygen supply can lead to muscle pain and cramping, especially during physical activity. This condition is known as intermittent claudication.

• Ulceration and Gangrene: Severe cases of PVD may result in reduced blood flow to the extremities, leading to ulcers on the skin and, in extreme cases, gangrene. Gangrene is the death of body tissue caused by a lack of blood supply.

• Increased Risk of Infection: Poor blood circulation can compromise the body's ability to fight infections in the affected limbs.

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Causes & Effects of Peripheral Vascular Disorders

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

1. Definition

Deep vein thrombosis is a condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot, known as a thrombus, in a deep vein. DVT most commonly occurs in the legs but can also affect other deep veins in the body

2. Causes

• Venous Stasis: DVT often develops when there is reduced blood flow in the deep veins, leading to blood pooling and clot formation. This reduced flow can result from prolonged immobility, such as during long flights or bed rest.

• Hypercoagulability: Certain medical conditions or medications can increase the risk of blood clot formation by making the blood more prone to clotting.

• Vascular Injury: Trauma or surgery can damage the inner lining of blood vessels, promoting clot formation.

3. Effects

• Embolism: One of the most significant dangers associated with DVT is the potential for the blood clot to dislodge and travel through the bloodstream as an embolus. An embolus can block blood flow when it becomes lodged in a narrower blood vessel. If an embolus reaches the lungs, it can cause a pulmonary embolism, a potentially life-threatening condition.

• Swelling and Pain: DVT often presents with symptoms such as swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected leg.

Summary

Peripheral vascular disorders, including peripheral vascular disease and deep vein thrombosis, are conditions that can have a profound impact on circulation and overall health. Peripheral vascular disease primarily affects arteries in the legs, leading to limited oxygen supply, muscle pain, ulcers, and an increased risk of infection. On the other hand, deep vein thrombosis involves the formation of blood clots in deep veins, with the potential to result in embolism and pulmonary embolism. Recognising the causes and effects of these conditions is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.