Fission (Physics)

Introduction

• Fission is a fundamental nuclear process in which the nucleus of an atom, typically one with a large mass number, undergoes a splitting or division into two smaller nuclei, resulting in the release of energy.

Key Concepts

• Nuclear Splitting: Fission involves the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei.
• Neutron Emission: During fission, neutrons are typically released as byproducts.
• Spontaneous and Induced Fission:
  • Spontaneous fission occurs naturally within certain heavy and unstable nuclei due to internal processes.
  • Induced fission can be initiated by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons, leading to controlled nuclear reactions.
• Energy Release: Fission results in the release of a significant amount of energy.

Applications

• Nuclear Power Generation: Induced fission is utilised in nuclear power plants to generate electricity.
• Weapons: Fission reactions are the basis for nuclear weapons.

Process of Fission

• Fission begins with a heavy and unstable nucleus (e.g., uranium-235 or plutonium-239).
• The nucleus absorbs a neutron, becoming highly excited.
• The excitation energy causes the nucleus to become unstable and eventually split into two or more smaller nuclei.
• During the process, several neutrons are typically emitted.

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Fission (Physics)

Nuclear Power Generation

• In nuclear power plants, controlled fission reactions are used to produce heat.
• The heat generated is used to produce steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity.
• This process provides a reliable and efficient source of electrical power.

Nuclear Weapons

• Fission reactions are the basis for the explosive power of nuclear weapons.
• The rapid and uncontrolled release of energy during fission leads to a powerful explosion.

Summary

• Fission is a nuclear process in which a heavy nucleus splits into smaller nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy.
• Neutrons are often emitted during fission.
• Fission can occur spontaneously in certain nuclei or be induced by bombarding a nucleus with neutrons.
• This process has critical applications in nuclear power generation and the development of nuclear weapons.