An archaeologist at work - Junior Cycle History - Question 4 (i) - 2006

Challenges that may arise during excavation include weather conditions, structural stability of the site, and potential interference from local wildlife. Additionally, ethical dilemmas such as protecting local heritage and the rights of indigenous communities must be taken into account.

Common tools utilized by archaeologists include trowels, brushes, picks, and sieves. Modern technology, such as ground-penetrating radar and digital surveying equipment, enhances the precision of site analysis, allowing for non-invasive exploration before excavation.

Dating artifacts is crucial for understanding the historical context. Methods such as radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, and thermoluminescence are employed to determine the age of organic and inorganic materials. This information aids in constructing timelines of human activity and environmental changes.