Photo AI
(i) Explain two of the following terms relating to Italy under Mussolini, 1922-1939 - Junior Cycle History - Question (D) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY - 2019
Question (D) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
(i) Explain two of the following terms relating to Italy under Mussolini, 1922-1939. The Pact of Steel; OVRA; Squadristi. (ii) Give two reasons why major Europea... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:(i) Explain two of the following terms relating to Italy under Mussolini, 1922-1939 - Junior Cycle History - Question (D) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY - 2019
Step 1
Explain the Pact of Steel
Answer
The Pact of Steel was a military agreement between Italy and Nazi Germany, solidifying their alliance and mutual support. This pact was significant as it aligned Italy firmly with Hitler's ambitions and strategies in Europe.
It established a framework for military collaboration, emphasizing joint military planning and coordination, which became crucial during World War II.
Step 2
Explain OVRA
Answer
OVRA was the secret police organization in Fascist Italy responsible for surveillance, repression of dissent, and enforcement of Mussolini's regime. It played a critical role in stifling opposition and promoting the Fascist narrative throughout the country.
By instilling fear and controlling information, OVRA ensured the continuation of Mussolini's policies and the stability of the Fascist government.
Step 3
Give two reasons why major European powers were willing to appease Hitler during the 1930s
Answer
One reason for the appeasement was the fear of another war. Many European leaders were haunted by the devastation of World War I, leading them to avoid confrontation with Hitler, hoping that concessions would lead to peace.
Another reason was the belief that the Treaty of Versailles was overly harsh. Countries like Britain and France felt sympathy towards Germany's grievances, believing that adjusting the terms could stabilize Europe and prevent a conflict.
Step 4
Write an account of one of the following: (a) The League of Nations, 1920-1939
Answer
The League of Nations: 1920-1939
The League of Nations was established post-World War I with the aim of promoting peace and cooperation among countries. It sought to prevent conflicts through diplomacy and collective security, embodying the hope for a cooperative international order.
Achievements
Despite its shortcomings, the League succeeded in resolving some minor disputes, such as the Åland Islands case between Sweden and Finland, showcasing its potential for peaceful conflict resolution.
Failures
However, the League's effectiveness was curtailed due to key factors. Notably, notable nations like the USA never joined, which weakened its influence. Furthermore, the League struggled to enforce its decisions, leaving it powerless against aggression, as seen in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935.
Conclusion
By the late 1930s, the League had largely failed to achieve its primary goal of maintaining peace, as militaristic regimes gathered momentum, culminating in the outbreak of World War II.