a) (i) Name two breeds of cattle used in dairy farming - Leaving Cert Agricultural Science - Question a - 2009

1. Record of mating: Keeping detailed records of mating events helps ensure proper breeding timing.
2. Good hygiene practices: Ensuring clean bedding and mitigating potential infections by regularly sanitizing the calving area and equipment.

Farmers can ensure optimal nutrition by providing a balanced diet that includes adequate energy, protein, and minerals, tailored to meet the needs of lactating cows.

The leader-follower system involves grazing management where older, more experienced animals (the leaders) graze first, followed by younger animals (the followers), allowing better pasture management and reducing overgrazing.

1. Improved grass utilization: This system allows for better grazing efficiency as the leaders start on fresh pasture and prepare it for the followers.
2. Parasite control: Grazing in this hierarchy helps reduce the likelihood of younger calves being exposed to parasites prevalent in areas grazed by older animals.

The ideal target weight for spring-born calves at the start of their first winter is typically between 180 to 220 kg inclusive.

Farmers can provide high-quality feed, including good quality silage and additional concentrates, and separate underweight calves into a dedicated pen for better monitoring and management.

Mastitis is an infection or disease of the udder, primarily caused by bacterial invasion, leading to inflammation and reduced milk quality.

One symptom of mastitis is swelling and redness in the udder, which can often be noticed visually.

1. Hygiene measures: Implementing strict cleanliness protocols during milking, such as washing the udder and using clean milking equipment to reduce bacterial exposure.
2. Monitoring milking practices: Avoiding over-milking and ensuring proper technique can help maintain udder health.