Option Two (a) Discuss in detail the following points in relation to a dairy enterprise: (i) Management of calving - Leaving Cert Agricultural Science - Question 3 - 2015

In the first three days after birth, the calf should be kept in a warm, dry environment free from drafts. It is essential to provide a clean, disinfected area with adequate bedding to ensure comfort. Avoid overcrowding and facilitate separation from other calves to minimize stress.

Feeding principles should focus on ensuring the calf receives colostrum within the first hour of birth. The recommended intake is about 10% of its body weight in colostrum during the first 12 hours. Milk replacer can be introduced based on certain conditions if the mother’s milk supply is insufficient.

Management practices for rearing dairy calves involve disease prevention strategies, including vaccinations at around 6-8 weeks and deworming. Regular checks for signs of illness are essential, as well as early identification of growth and development issues.

Feeding principles to ensure optimum growth include providing a balanced diet rich in energy and nutrients. Initially, feeding milk replacer and gradually introducing solid feeds by the time the calf is 7 days old can enhance growth rates. On grass, a leader-follower system can be beneficial, as it promotes grass growth and reduces feeding competition.

The expected liveweight of dairy calves at first housing typically ranges from 170 to 220 kg. This can vary based on breed, nutrition, and overall health during the rearing phase.

Most beef animals are slaughtered at around two years of age because they reach their target weight and fat composition by then, maximizing meat quality. Younger animals tend to have better quality meat, while older animals can have tougher meat or suboptimal fat distribution, impacting market value.