a) Name two grass species that are commonly used in grass seed mixtures - Leaving Cert Agricultural Science - Question Question 1 - 2012

Tillering refers to the growth of side shoots that emerge from the base of the main stem of grass plants. This process enhances the density and productivity of the grass sward.

1. Close grazing: Grazing animals can be managed such that they graze down to a stubble height, promoting new tiller growth by reducing competition.
2. Fertilizer application: Applying phosphorus-based fertilizers can stimulate root growth and tillering by providing essential nutrients.

1. Padlock Grazing: This system involves dividing land into equal-sized paddocks with permanent roadways. Animals are rotated through these paddocks to allow for recovery and efficient grazing. Diagram should show the division of land and movement of animals.
2. Set Stocking: In this grazing system, animals are allowed free access to a single area without rotation. This can result in overgrazing in some areas and reduce efficiency. Diagram should illustrate continuous access without divisions.

1. Hay: Hay is preserved by drying the grass to reduce moisture content, preventing spoilage.
2. Silage: Silage is preserved through controlled fermentation, which occurs when grass is stored anaerobically to maintain nutritional value.

1. Hay: Generally, hay is less digestible due to its higher fiber content and leaf loss during drying.
2. Silage: Silage tends to be more digestible as it retains more nutrients and moisture, resulting in higher energy and protein availability for livestock.