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Write notes on three of the following topics: (i) Vaccination - Leaving Cert Biology - Question b - 2019
Question b
Write notes on three of the following topics: (i) Vaccination. (ii) Antibiotic resistance in bacteria. (iii) The mechanism of phototropism or of geotropism in plants... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Write notes on three of the following topics: (i) Vaccination - Leaving Cert Biology - Question b - 2019
Step 1
Vaccination.
Answer
Vaccination involves administering a non-harmful or weakened dose of a pathogen or its antigens into an organism. This process stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies, which are proteins that combat the pathogen. Moreover, vaccinations promote the formation of memory cells (T cells or B cells), ensuring long-term immunity. Consequently, this helps to prevent the spread of infectious diseases within the population.
Step 2
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Answer
Antibiotic resistant bacteria are those that no longer respond to the effects of certain antibiotics due to misuse or overuse of these medications. This resistance can evolve when bacteria undergo mutations or acquire resistance genes from other bacteria. Resistant bacteria can survive antibiotic treatments and multiply, thereby posing significant challenges to effective medical care. They can also cause infections that are harder to treat.
Step 3
Batch food processing.
Answer
Batch food processing is a method where food is produced in distinct batches rather than continuously. This process often takes place in controlled environments, such as bioreactors, where microorganisms (e.g., bacteria or fungi) are introduced to ferment or process the food. Each batch undergoes specific stages, including a lag phase (where microorganisms adapt) and an active growth phase. Quality control is essential, and products are typically removed at the end of each batch cycle.