12. (a) (i) What does an ecologist mean by competition? (ii) Competition is generally more intense between members of the same species than between members of different species - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 12 - 2005

This statement is valid because members of the same species often have identical resource requirements, leading to fierce competition. In contrast, different species may utilize resources differently, reducing direct competition. However, when resources are scarce, interspecific competition can also become intense.

The primary stimulus for spring migration is the 'increase in day length', which signals the onset of warmer conditions and encourages birds to migrate northward.

The vital fuel used by migrating birds is 'fat', which serves as the main energy source during their long flights.

Two locations in the body where fat may be found are:

1. Beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat).
2. Inside the abdomen (visceral fat).

A suggested food source high in fat is 'seeds', which are rich in oils and provide substantial energy for migrating birds.

Wigeon find the highest levels of nutrients in the 'growing tips' of plants, where new growth is more nutrient-dense.

Nutrient levels are highest in the growing tips because this region is metabolically active, supporting new growth and development. It contains meristematic tissue, which is responsible for cell division and growth.

In my quantitative survey of the named plant species, I chose a systematic sampling method using a transect line. I recorded the abundance and distribution of the plant along the transect by counting individuals in designated quadrats placed at regular intervals.

Results were recorded by calculating the percentage cover of the named plant in each quadrat, and I noted the frequency of occurrence across the transect. This involved statistical analysis to determine density and presentation of results through graphs.

Three possible effects include: 1) A decline in herbivore populations that depended on the plant as a food source, leading to a ripple effect up the food chain. 2) Altered soil composition and microhabitat conditions, impacting other plant species' growth. 3) Reduced habitat for other animals, affecting their survival and reproductive success.