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Give a detailed biological explanation for each of the following - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 15(b) - 2018
Question 15(b)
Give a detailed biological explanation for each of the following. (i) Bile contains bile salts e.g. sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO₃). (ii) Active immunity results... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Give a detailed biological explanation for each of the following - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 15(b) - 2018
Step 1
(i) Bile contains bile salts e.g. sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO₃).
Answer
Bile salts, such as sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃), play a crucial role in digestion. They emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets that increase the surface area for enzymes to act upon. This emulsification process allows for improved digestion and absorption of dietary fats in the small intestine, where a suitable pH is vital for enzyme activity.
Step 2
(ii) Active immunity results in long-lasting immunity.
Answer
Active immunity is achieved when the body's own lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) produce antibodies in response to exposure to pathogens. This process not only helps to fight off infections but also generates memory cells that provide long-lasting protection. These memory cells enable the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively to future infections by the same pathogen.
Step 3
(iii) Humans sweat during exercise.
Answer
During exercise, the body's temperature increases due to metabolic activity. To regulate this temperature, humans produce sweat, which evaporates from the skin's surface, using heat from the body. This process cools the body down and helps maintain a stable internal temperature, preventing overheating.
Step 4
(iv) Antibiotics should not be prescribed to directly treat influenza.
Answer
Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections such as influenza. Influenza is caused by a virus, and antibiotics target bacterial infections. Prescribing antibiotics for influenza will not kill the virus and can contribute to antibiotic resistance, making bacterial infections harder to treat in the future.
Step 5
(v) High sugar or high salt concentrations are used in the preservation of food.
Answer
High concentrations of sugar or salt act as preservatives by creating an environment that is unfavorable for microbial growth. They cause bacteria or fungi to lose water through osmosis, which can lead to their death or inhibit their growth. This method is commonly used to prolong the shelf life of food items and prevent spoilage.