7. (a) (i) Why is it important that scientists publish the results of their research? (ii) How can scientists avoid bias in scientific experiments? (b) (i) When carrying out certain experiments at the laboratory bench: 1 - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 7 - 2018

Scientists can avoid bias by employing techniques such as using a large sample size, conducting double-blind trials, or random sampling. These methods help ensure that the results are more reliable and not influenced by the expectations of either the participants or researchers.

To maintain a constant pH, you can use a pH buffer solution, which resists changes in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are added.

You can use a water bath or incubator to provide a stable temperature environment for your reaction or organisms.

During fermentation, carbon dioxide (CO₂) is produced as a byproduct along with the alcohol.

To confirm the presence of alcohol, a valid test such as the iodform test or a solution of sodium hypochlorite combined with potassium iodide could be used.

To calculate the magnifying power of a microscope, multiply the power of the eyepiece (lens) by the power of the objective (lens). For example, if the eyepiece is 10x and the objective is 40x, the total magnification would be 10 x 40 = 400x.

You can adjust the diaphragm (or condenser) to control the amount of light reaching the specimens, or you can adjust the lamp or mirror to modify the illumination.

The brown paper needs to dry out to ensure that the test detects only fat. If it is not dry, water may cause false-positive results due to moisture.

A common food test that requires heat is the test for reducing sugars using Benedict's reagent, where the mixture is heated to observe a color change indicating the presence of sugar.