What is meant by the term genetic engineering? Genetic engineering refers to the manipulation or alteration of genes or genomes, which involves modifying the genetic material of an organism to achieve desired traits or characteristics - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 4 - 2018

Isolation refers to the process of identifying and locating a specific gene or the removal of a gene (or a piece of DNA or a plasmid) from an organism. This step is crucial for ensuring that the correct genetic material is obtained for further manipulation.

Expression involves the process by which the isolated gene is used to produce a specific protein or product. This step allows the intended traits to be exhibited in the host organism, resulting from the successful integration of the gene and subsequent protein synthesis.

Plasmids.

Clotting factors or lactose-free milk or growth hormone or other valid answer.

Resistance to herbicides (or to pests) or slow ripening or longer shelf life or fruit colour or rice producing Vitamin A or improved yield or other valid answer.

Production of interferon (or insulin or hormones or vaccines or antibodies or antibiotics) or oil breakdown or other valid answer.