10. (a) Explain the following terms used in genetics - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 10 - 2016

An allele is a different form of a gene that can exist at a specific locus on a chromosome. Each individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent, and these can be dominant or recessive, affecting the organism's traits.

A haploid is a set of chromosomes that consists of one chromosome from each pair. In humans, haploid cells are represented by gametes (sperm and egg), containing 23 chromosomes, which combine during fertilization to form a diploid organism.

There are two strands in the DNA structure, which form a double helix.

DNA profiling is a technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA. This method produces patterns or bands of DNA that can be analyzed for identification purposes.

Enzymes are used to cut the DNA during the profiling process.

The DNA fragments are separated based on size or length.

1. Forensic analysis in criminal investigations.
2. Paternity testing to determine biological relationships.

Genetic screening refers to testing for the presence or absence of specific genes or mutations associated with certain hereditary conditions or diseases.

A fossil is the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived a long time ago, providing evidence of historical biological activity.

1. Bogs in Ireland.
2. Mud-dried lakes.

The 'Irish Elk' likely became extinct due to a combination of environmental factors, such as climate change, habitat loss, and possibly over-hunting by early humans.

One reason for the extinction of the 'Irish Elk' could be over-hunting by humans, as they sought to exploit this large source of meat.

Evolution is the process through which species change over time through adaptations and natural selection, leading to the development of new species.

Charles Darwin is one of the 19th-century British naturalists who introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection.