12. (a) (i) From the following list, write into your answer book any term that describes the nutrition of a typical plant: parasitic; heterotrophic; saprophytic; autotrophic - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 12 - 2012

Cell organelle A is the mitochondrion, and cell organelle B is the chloroplast.

Chlorophyll a absorbs most light in the violet and red regions of the spectrum.

Chlorophyll b absorbs most light in the blue region of the spectrum.

Yellow light is not absorbed or is reflected, thus it doesn't contribute significantly to photosynthesis.

Having multiple chlorophyll pigments allows plants to absorb a wider range of wavelengths of light, which can enhance photosynthesis and increase food production.

A commercial grower might use special lighting to ensure that more violet and blue (or red) light reaches the plants, promoting increased photosynthesis and growth.

NADP is used to transport electrons during photosynthesis, acting as a hydrogen carrier. ATP serves as an energy source for various biochemical processes during the Calvin cycle.

Glycolysis is the first stage of respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm. It breaks down glucose into pyruvate, resulting in low energy release and the formation of a small amount of ATP.

Acetyl Co-enzyme A is formed from pyruvate, following glycolysis, and it is a crucial molecule that feeds into the Krebs cycle for further energy production.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known as the energy currency of the cell, storing high-energy bonds and facilitating energy transfer for metabolic processes.

The electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondria and involves a series of redox reactions that carry high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, resulting in the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.