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Examine, with reference to actual examples, the measurement and effects of earthquakes. - Leaving Cert Geography - Question 1 - 2008
Question 1
Examine, with reference to actual examples, the measurement and effects of earthquakes.
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Examine, with reference to actual examples, the measurement and effects of earthquakes. - Leaving Cert Geography - Question 1 - 2008
Step 1
Measurement identified
Answer
Earthquakes are commonly measured using seismometers, which record the seismic waves produced by the event. The Richter scale and the Moment Magnitude scale are two scales used to quantify the magnitude of earthquakes. The Richter scale measures the amplitude of seismic waves, while the Moment Magnitude scale considers the area of the fault that slipped, the amount of slippage, and the rigidity of the rocks involved.
Step 2
Effects identified
Answer
The effects of earthquakes can be broadly classified into primary and secondary effects. Primary effects include ground shaking, surface rupture, and seismic waves which can cause structural damage. Secondary effects encompass landslides, tsunamis, and soil liquefaction, which can lead to severe destruction in populated areas.
Step 3
Named Examples
Answer
- The 2010 Haiti earthquake, measuring 7.0 on the Moment Magnitude scale, resulted in significant loss of life and widespread damage.
- The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan, which measured 9.0, triggered a devastating tsunami that caused extensive havoc and the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
Step 4
Discussion
Answer
The measurement of earthquakes is crucial for understanding their potential impact and for disaster preparedness. Seismometers provide real-time data that can help communities prepare for an impending quake. For instance, the early warning systems in Japan allow for quick alerts to minimize injuries and fatalities.
The effects of earthquakes can vary greatly depending on their magnitude, depth, and the geological characteristics of the area affected. In urban settings, such as in the case of the Haiti earthquake, the damage can be catastrophic due to poor infrastructure, while areas with well-prepared building codes might withstand significant quakes better. Additionally, the secondary effects, such as tsunamis, can exacerbate the destruction caused by the initial seismic event, as observed in the Tōhoku disaster.
In summary, effective measurement and an understanding of the effects of earthquakes are essential for risk management and implementing appropriate emergency response strategies.