C. Developing Economy (i) Name one developing economy you have studied - Leaving Cert Geography - Question C - 2012

Colonialism has had profound effects on India's economy, which can be categorized into several key areas:

1. Resource Extraction: During colonial rule, British authorities extracted vast resources from India, leading to a drain of wealth. This included raw materials such as cotton, indigo, and spices, which were exported to Britain, often leaving local industries underdeveloped.

2. Deindustrialization: Colonial policies favored British manufactured goods over local products, resulting in the decline of traditional Indian industries. Many artisans lost their livelihoods, contributing to widespread unemployment.

3. Infrastructure Development: Although the British built railways and roads, these developments primarily aimed at resource extraction and control rather than benefiting the local economy. This infrastructure supported colonial interests rather than regional trade.

4. Agricultural Changes: The British introduced cash crop farming at the expense of food crops, altering India's agricultural landscape. This shift resulted in food shortages and famines during the colonial period.

5. Land Revenue Systems: The exploitative land revenue systems imposed by colonial rule disenfranchised local farmers and led to land degradation. This caused long-term agricultural difficulties in post-colonial India.

6. Social Stratification: Colonial policies exacerbated social inequalities, often privileging certain classes and communities over others, which has ongoing socio-economic implications.

7. Education and Westernization: While some modern educational institutions were established, education was often aimed at creating a bureaucratic class loyal to the British, leading to a disconnect between traditional knowledge systems and the new Western education.

8. Post-Colonial Economic Challenges: The legacy of colonialism has left India grappling with issues such as poverty, infrastructure deficits, and economic disparity. The struggle for economic independence and self-sufficiency continues to shape India's policies today.