Select any one of the following surface processes: - Sea / marine action - River action - Glacial action - Leaving Cert Geography - Question (ii) - 2010

I will explain the formation of a coastal landform known as a cliff resulting from sea action.

Explanation of the Process

1. Erosion by Waves: The process begins with the action of waves crashing against the coastline. Regular wave action leads to the erosion of softer rock layers, creating an overhang of more resistant rock.

2. Formation of Caves and Arches: Over time, continued erosion can create caves at the base of the cliffs. Eventually, these caves may break through to form natural arches.

3. Collapse and Retreat of Cliffs: Continued erosion and weathering can cause these cliffs to become unstable. Eventually, sections will collapse and retreat inland, leading to a higher cliff face.

Diagram

Below is a simplified diagram illustrating the formation of a cliff:

                /
               /  \
              /    \
      _______/      \
     |                |
     |                |  <-- Cliff face
     |                |

Summary

This illustrates the process of cliff formation due to marine action, demonstrating how erosion by sea waves shapes coastal landscapes.