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During the period 1945-1990, why did European countries retreat from Africa? - Leaving Cert History - Question 2 - 2022
Question 2
During the period 1945-1990, why did European countries retreat from Africa?
Worked Solution & Example Answer:During the period 1945-1990, why did European countries retreat from Africa? - Leaving Cert History - Question 2 - 2022
Step 1
Economic Factors
Answer
One of the primary reasons for the European retreat from Africa was economic decline. After World War II, many European nations faced significant financial constraints and could no longer afford the costs of maintaining their colonies. The economic boom that had previously supported colonialism was over, and the focus shifted to rebuilding their own war-torn economies. Additionally, the rising cost of colonial administration and military presence made it increasingly difficult to justify continued control over African territories.
Step 2
Political Pressure
Answer
Post-war, there was increased pressure for decolonization both internationally and from the African populations themselves. The impact of the United Nations and various anti-colonial movements led to political shifts, making it more challenging for European governments to maintain their colonial rule. Countries like the United Kingdom and France faced mounting demands from nationalist movements within Africa, which called for independence and greater autonomy.
Step 3
Changing Global Attitudes
Answer
The period also saw a change in global attitudes toward colonization and imperialism. The moral implications of colonialism were scrutinized, leading to a growing consensus that colonial rule was unjust. The rise of the Cold War also contributed to a shift in international relations, where both the USA and USSR supported decolonization as a means to gain influence in newly independent states.
Step 4
Impact of Warfare
Answer
Various wars and conflicts during this period significantly influenced European retreat. Conflicts such as the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962) and the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya (1952-1960) highlighted the difficulties European powers faced in suppressing resistance. The cost of these conflicts, both in terms of resources and human lives, forced many nations to re-evaluate their colonial policies.
Step 5