A survey was conducted to identify the level and type of marketing of foodstuffs in post primary schools in the Republic of Ireland - Leaving Cert Home Economics - Question 1 - 2015

The nutritional significance of the foods available in schools is crucial for student development and health. Options like fruits and sandwiches contribute to essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and fiber, which bolster immunity and overall well-being. However, items such as fizzy drinks and snacks high in saturated fat can lead to health risks, including obesity and diabetes. Hence, it is pivotal for schools to focus on the nutritional quality of foods offered, potentially guiding students towards healthier eating habits. Education on nutrition is equally important, as it equips students to make informed choices concerning their diet.

Calcium is an essential mineral vital for maintaining strong bones and overall health. Key sources of calcium include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt; green leafy vegetables like spinach and broccoli; fortified foods such as certain cereals; and non-dairy alternatives like almond milk. Fish with edible bones, such as sardines, also provide significant calcium levels.

Biological functions of calcium include:

1. Bone Formation: Calcium is the primary mineral that contributes to the structural integrity of bones and teeth.
2. Muscle Function: It plays a crucial role in muscle contraction. Calcium ions trigger the contraction mechanism in muscle cells.
3. Nerve Transmission: Calcium is vital in the conduction of electrical impulses in the nervous system, aiding communication between neurons.

Factors assisting calcium absorption include:

1. Vitamin D: It enhances the intestinal absorption of calcium.
2. Adequate dietary fat: It facilitates the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins aiding calcium uptake.
3. A balanced diet: Consuming a variety of nutrients supports calcium absorption.

Factors inhibiting calcium absorption include:

1. Phytic acid: Found in whole grains and legumes, it binds calcium and prevents its absorption.
2. Oxalic acid: Present in foods like spinach, it also hampers calcium uptake.
3. Excessive sodium intake: High salt diets can increase calcium excretion through urine.

Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by a significant decrease in bone density, resulting in bones becoming fragile and more susceptible to fractures. It often progresses without symptoms until a fracture occurs, and can lead to debilitating complications.

Several factors can increase the risk of developing osteoporosis:

1. Gender: Women, especially post-menopausal women, are at higher risk due to hormonal changes that affect bone density.
2. Age: Bone mass decreases with age, making older individuals more vulnerable.
3. Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake: Low dietary calcium and vitamin D levels contribute to weaker bones.

Parents play a crucial role in shaping their children’s dietary habits. Parents can model good food choices, encourage children to try new and healthy foods, and involve them in meal preparation, which can lead to a better understanding of nutrition.

Family meals provide an opportunity for parents to instill eating habits that prioritize fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Additionally, parental guidance in navigating food environments—like grocery stores—empowers children to make healthier decisions.

As children grow, family attitudes towards food, health education, and the availability of healthy snacks can significantly influence their preferences and lifelong eating habits.