Radioactive elements are unstable and decay with the release of radiation - Leaving Cert Physics - Question 10 - 2009

The three types of radiation are:

1. Alpha ($ext{α}$)
2. Beta ($ext{β}$)
3. Gamma ($ext{γ}$)

The radiation that is negatively charged is Beta radiation ($ext{β}^-$).

Alpha radiation ($ext{α}$) has the shortest range due to its larger mass and charge, which leads it to interact more readily with matter.

Gamma radiation ($ext{γ}$) is not affected by electric fields, making it the most penetrating type of radiation.

Nuclear fission is the process in which a large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei, accompanied by the release of energy. This occurs when a neutron collides with a heavy nucleus, causing it to become unstable and break apart.

Neutrons play a crucial role in nuclear fission by initiating the fission reaction. When a neutron collides with a fissile nucleus, it causes the nucleus to split, releasing a significant amount of energy along with more neutrons, which can then propagate the fission reaction.

A common fuel used in nuclear reactors is Uranium, particularly the isotope Uranium-235 (U-235).

Fission can be controlled or stopped in a nuclear reactor using control rods, which absorb excess neutrons. Additionally, the reactor's power can be reduced by changing the position of these rods to regulate the reaction rate.

The energy produced during nuclear fission is used to heat water, producing steam. This steam drives turbines connected to generators, converting thermal energy into electrical energy.

One advantage of a nuclear reactor is that it produces a large amount of energy from a small amount of fuel, leading to lower greenhouse gas emissions. A disadvantage is the potential for catastrophic accidents and the challenge of managing radioactive waste.