Structure and Poetic Techniques

Structure

Stanza form:

• The poem is composed of four stanzas of varying lengths. The first two stanzas describe the soldiers' physical and emotional state, while the third shows the horrific effects of a gas attack. The final stanza delivers the poem's powerful message, challenging the reader's beliefs about war.

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Poetic Techniques

1. Simile: The simile "Bent double, like old beggars under sacks" compares the soldiers to old beggars, highlighting their exhaustion and the toll war has taken on them. This vivid comparison helps readers understand the soldiers' physical and mental suffering.

2. Alliteration: The phrase "knock-kneed, coughing like hags" uses the repetition of the 'k' sound to create a harsh, jarring effect that mirrors the soldiers' painful experience. It draws attention to their desperate and pitiful condition.

3. Onomatopoeia: The word "guttering" mimics the sound of choking, adding to the horror of the soldier's death during the gas attack. This use of onomatopoeia makes the scene more vivid and disturbing for the reader.

4. Irony: The title "Dulce et Decorum Est" is used ironically to highlight the false idea that it is sweet and noble to die for one's country. By showing the brutal reality of war, Owen exposes the lie behind this saying, making the reader question the glorification of war.

5. Imagery: Owen uses strong visual images, like "blood-shod" and "white eyes writhing," to paint a vivid picture of the horrors of war. These images help the reader feel the terror and agony experienced by the soldiers, making the poem's anti-war message more impactful.