Plant Adaptations for Protection

Anatomical Protective Features

1. Bark is a type of epidermis that prevents entry of pathogens into trees.
2. Guard cells in the epidermal layer of leaves prevent excess water loss.
3. Waxy cuticle on leaves reduces water loss.
4. Thorns stop animals from eating plants.
5. Some plants have flowers that open during the day when pollinators like bees are more active.

Chemical Protective Features

6. Heat-shock proteins: excessive heat can cause denature plant enzymes. Many plants form heat-shock proteins once the temperature rises above 40°C. These proteins surround enzymes and help them to maintain their shape.
7. Alkaloids: some herbaceous plants produce poisonous compounds called alkaloids, which protect the plants against insects and animals.

• Example: Potatoes produce solanine in their leaves and branches.

1. Stress proteins: when a plant is attacked by microorganisms, some plants produce stress proteins. These stress proteins can attack microorganisms' cell walls and form special plant cell walls to prevent the spread of the microorganism.
2. Monoterpenes: conifers produce a chemical called monoterpenes, which repel insects.