Dental Disease

Definition

Dental disease encompasses a range of conditions that impact oral health, including tooth decay (caries), gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis), and more.

Plaque

• Definition: Dental plaque is a sticky, colourless or pale yellow film that continuously forms on the teeth. It is a complex mixture of food residues, bacteria, and saliva.
• Significance: Plaque is the primary cause of dental caries and gum disease. The bacteria in plaque use sugars from food to produce acids that attack tooth enamel, leading to decay. If not removed, plaque can harden into tartar, contributing to gum disease.

Inter-relationship of Diet and Dental Disease

Diet plays a significant role in oral health, influencing the development and prevention of dental diseases.

Dietary Excesses and Dental Disease

• Sugars and Carbohydrates: Frequent consumption of sugary foods and drinks is the leading cause of dental caries. Bacteria in plaque convert these sugars into acids that erode tooth enamel.
• Acidic Foods and Beverages: Regular exposure to acids in food and drinks can lead to dental erosion, weakening the enamel.
• Sticky and Starchy Foods: These can adhere to teeth and prolong acid production.

Dietary Deficiencies and Dental Health

• Calcium and Vitamin D: Deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D can weaken teeth and bones, making teeth more susceptible to decay and gum disease.
• Vitamin C: Essential for gum health; its deficiency can lead to scurvy, which manifests in bleeding gums and loosening of teeth.

Methods to Reduce the Risk of Dental Disease

Oral Hygiene Practices

• Regular Brushing: At least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste to remove plaque and reduce decay risk.
• Flossing: Daily flossing removes plaque and food particles from between teeth and under the gum line.
• Mouthwash: Antiseptic mouthwashes can help reduce bacteria that cause plaque and gum disease.

Dietary Modifications

• Limit Sugary Foods and Drinks: Reducing the frequency and quantity of sugary intakes.
• Healthy Snacks: Opting for fruits, vegetables, and cheese instead of sugary or acidic snacks.
• Fluoridated Water: Drinking fluoridated water strengthens tooth enamel.

Regular Dental Check-ups

• Professional Cleaning: Removes plaque and tartar that cannot be removed by brushing and flossing alone.
• Early Detection: Regular check-ups help in early detection and treatment of dental problems.

Other Preventative Measures

• Dental Sealants: Protective coatings applied to the chewing surfaces of back teeth to prevent decay.
• Education: Understanding the causes and prevention of dental diseases.

Additional Points

• Teething in Infants: Proper care during teething and early dental visits can set the foundation for good oral health.
• Awareness of Medications: Some medicines can cause dry mouth or other conditions affecting oral health. Awareness and proper management are essential.
• Community Initiatives: Public health initiatives like community water fluoridation can have a significant impact on reducing dental diseases.

Example Exam Questions and Answers