Radians

Radian measure is a way of measuring angles based on the radius of a circle. Unlike degrees, which divide a circle into 360 equal parts, radians measure the angle as the length of the arc subtended by the angle at the centre of the circle, relative to the radius.

Definition of a Radian:

• A radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the circle.
• Mathematically, 1 radian is the angle $\theta$ such that the length of the arc $s$ is equal to the radius $r$of the circle: $s = r$.

Relationship Between Degrees and Radians:

• Since the circumference of a circle is $2\pi$ r and represents a full angle of 360°, we have: $2\pi \text{ radians} = 360^\circ$ Thus: $\pi \text{ radians} = 180^\circ$
• To convert from degrees to radians: $\text{Radians} = \text{Degrees} \times \frac{\pi}{180}$
• To convert from radians to degrees: $\text{Degrees} = \text{Radians} \times \frac{180}{\pi}$

Common Angles in Radians:

Degrees	Radians
$0^\circ$	$0$
$30^\circ$	$\frac{\pi}{6}$
$45^\circ$	$\frac{\pi}{4}$
$60^\circ$	$\frac{\pi}{3}$
$90^\circ$	$\frac{\pi}{2}$
$120^\circ$	$\frac{2\pi}{3}$
$180^\circ$	$\pi$
$270^\circ$	$\frac{3\pi}{2}$
$360^\circ$	$2\pi$

Applications of Radian Measure:

• Trigonometry: Trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent are often more naturally expressed in radians, particularly in calculus where the derivatives and integrals of trigonometric functions are involved.
• Physics: Radians are used to measure angular velocity and angular displacement.
• Circular Motion: In circular motion, angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration are commonly measured in radians.

Example Problems:

Summary:

• Radians are a natural and efficient way to measure angles, especially in trigonometry and calculus.
• Converting between degrees and radians is straightforward using $\pi$ $\text{ radians} = 180^\circ.$
• The radian measure simplifies the formulas for arc length and sector area, making them directly proportional to the angle in radians. Understanding and using radians is essential in advanced mathematics and physics.