FIGURE 1.1 shows the substructure of a structure - NSC Civil Technology Civil Services - Question 1 - 2017 - Paper 1

The minimum measurement of the foundation bottom below ground at 1.1.B is 150 mm.

The thickness of the wall construction in FIGURE 1.1 is 220 mm.

The floor at 1.1.C is manufactured from concrete.

Part 1.1.D is called a hard core filling.

1. Part 1.1.D provides a solid base for the concrete floor.
2. It helps to give a level surface.

Determining the water table level is essential for understanding how water can affect the foundations. High water tables can weaken the sub-soil, causing sinkage or instability in foundations, and can lead to water accumulation which might adversely affect the structure.

The holes in clay bricks allow for more uniform heat distribution during the baking process, preventing cracks and ensuring even drying, which ultimately leads to stronger bricks.

1. Face bricks are hard, making them durable and suitable for exterior applications.
2. They are strong, thus capable of withstanding various loads and impacts.
3. Face bricks do not absorb water, which helps prevent water damage and maintains structural integrity.

1. Clay is excavated and prepared, including mixing with water.
2. The prepared clay is then shaped into bricks.
3. The shaped bricks are air-dried to remove excess moisture.
4. Finally, the dried bricks are baked in kilns to achieve hardness and durability.