3.1 Explain the following terms: 3.1.1 Food additives 3.1.2 Food allergy 3.2 Name the functions of the following food additives: 3.2.1 Stabilisers 3.2.2 Antioxidants 3.3 Explain the advantages of food irradiation - NSC Consumer Studies - Question 3 - 2023 - Paper 1

A food allergy occurs when the body's immune system erroneously identifies a specific food protein as harmful. This leads to the development of antibodies against that protein, resulting in symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including hives, swelling, and, in severe cases, anaphylaxis.

Stabilisers are substances added to food to improve its texture and maintain a uniform consistency. They prevent the separation of ingredients, ensuring that the food product remains stable and does not spoil quickly.

Antioxidants are substances that prevent oxidation in food, which can lead to rancidity and spoilage. They help to extend the shelf life of food products by preventing the degradation of ingredients due to exposure to air and light.

Food irradiation is a process that uses radiation to destroy harmful bacteria and pathogens in food, making it safer for consumption. It also helps in extending the shelf life of products and preventing spoilage, thereby reducing food waste. Furthermore, it inhibits the sprouting of certain vegetables, allowing for longer storage periods without loss of quality.

The production of organically grown foods can contribute to environmental issues such as pollution. For instance, imported organic foods require transportation that can lead to increased carbon emissions. Additionally, organic farming may use certain pesticides that could still impact non-organic crops and local ecosystems, impacting biodiversity. Moreover, organic farming often demands intensive land use which can lead to habitat destruction.

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behavior to avoid weight gain, such as purging through vomiting, excessive exercise, or misuse of laxatives. Individuals may experience intense preoccupation with body shape and weight, and may also suffer from severe dental issues, throat problems, and other health complications due to these behaviors.

Freshly picked vegetables can be contaminated by various means, primarily through contact with contaminated soil, water contaminated by human or animal feces, or improper handling during and after harvest. For example, if harvesting equipment is not sanitized properly or hands are not washed before handling vegetables, pathogens can easily transfer onto the produce. Furthermore, if the vegetables are not washed before consumption, these harmful microorganisms can lead to food-borne illnesses.

Lactose intolerance occurs when the body does not produce enough lactase, the enzyme required to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. This deficiency results in difficulty breaking down lactose into glucose and galactose, leading to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after consuming dairy products.

Genetically modified foods can often be produced at a lower cost due to higher yields, resistance to pests, and reduced need for chemical inputs. This affordability makes them more accessible to a larger population, thus enhancing food security by providing a stable and sufficient food supply.

1. Whole-wheat sandwich
2. Croutons

The meal plan appears suitable for the management of obesity as it emphasizes balance and nutrition. The inclusion of various fruits and vegetables throughout the day provides essential vitamins and fiber. However, the use of whole-wheat products and certain fats may need adjustment based on individual energy needs and preferences. Overall, the meals are structured to minimize excess calories while promoting satiety.