FIGURE 4.1 below shows an operational amplifier - NSC Electrical Technology Digital - Question 4 - 2021 - Paper 1

The waveform should show a sinusoidal output, where the output voltage is an amplified version of the input voltage, maintaining the same phase. It is crucial to illustrate that the output waveform oscillates between positive and negative voltage levels, similar to the input, indicating amplification without distortion.

Operational amplifiers are referred to as differential voltage amplifiers because they amplify the difference between two input voltage signals. This means that the output is proportional to the voltage difference between the inverting (-) and non-inverting (+) terminals, allowing for the effective elimination of noise and interference that is common to both inputs.

1. Negative feedback reduces the gain of the amplifier to a controllable level, allowing for precise adjustments in amplification.

2. It stabilizes the amplifier by minimizing distortion in the output signal, which enhances linearity and increases bandwidth.

The RS flip-flop stores the information it last received until new information is triggered. It operates using two stable states, maintaining one state until it is changed by an input signal.

The typical operating voltage range of the 555 IC is from +5 V to +15 V or +18 V.

The three 5 kΩ resistors divide the supply voltage into three equal values which are utilized by the two comparators within the IC to determine the output state.

1. Astable Mode
2. Monostable Mode

The threshold pin (Pin 6) is responsible for monitoring the voltage, which triggers the output state of the 555 IC. When the threshold voltage equal to two-thirds of the supply voltage (2/3 Vcc) is exceeded, the output state is altered.

The output of the 741 op-amp is zero volts when both input terminals are at the same voltage level, causing the output to effectively cancel each other out under conditions of common mode rejection, thus preventing any unwanted fluctuations.