4.1 Refer to FIGURE 4.1 on rural settlements - NSC Geography - Question 4 - 2018 - Paper 1

This description aligns with settlement pattern A, known for its dispersed arrangement of farmhouses in rural areas.

This details the characteristics of settlement pattern C, which is often used for informal settlements and generally seen as less secure.

Settlement pattern B is influenced by a single road, often seen in linear settlements where development occurs along transportation routes.

This matches settlement pattern A, which predominantly features large commercial farms including vast fields and large farmhouses.

This refers to settlement pattern C, characterized by multiple roads radiating from a central point, resembling a star shape.

This is indicative of settlement pattern A, where individual farm plots stretch out in a linear fashion.

The correct term is 'raw material', referring to industries that handle goods that need to be preserved or processed quickly.

The appropriate choice is 'light', indicating industries that require less resource investment.

The correct term is 'bridge', as it describes industries that connect raw material sources and market demands.

The answer is 'ubiquitous', which signifies that these industries are not restricted by geographic location.

The answer is 'heavy', referring to industries that utilize substantial resources and equipment.

This description matches 'market' industries, which prioritize proximity to their customer base.

The answer is 'footloose', indicating flexibility in location regarding suppliers and customers.

The answer is 'light', as these industries often benefit from accessibility to urban markets while being less resource-intensive.

Approximately 60% of residents in South African cities live in shacks, indicating a significant level of informal housing.

The dense clustering is primarily due to limited access to affordable housing, pushing many to build informal structures close to one another.

1. Protests against poor living conditions and lack of services.
2. Organizing community meetings to address their grievances.

People living in informal settlements face numerous challenges that hinder their ability to improve their standard of living.
Firstly, inadequate access to basic services such as sanitation and clean water contributes to poor health conditions.
Furthermore, a lack of stable income opportunities limits their economic mobility, often forcing them to rely on informal jobs.
In addition, the absence of secure land tenure leaves residents vulnerable to evictions, discouraging them from investing in their homes or communities.
Social inequality and marginalization exacerbate these issues, making it difficult for residents to advocate for their rights and needs effectively.
As a result, many families remain trapped in a cycle of poverty with little hope for improvement.

An environmental injustice refers to the disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on marginalized communities, often leading to adverse health effects and socio-economic challenges.

The environmental injustice caused by the coal-powered power station is air pollution, leading to severe health risks for nearby communities.

The poor are primarily affected due to their proximity to hazardous sites and lack of resources to mitigate health risks or relocate.

1. Increased rates of respiratory diseases among residents due to poor air quality.
2. Economic decline in the community, as health issues reduce workforce productivity.

1. Implement stricter environmental regulations on emissions from the power station.
2. Provide health facilities and resources for the impacted community to address health issues.

The Medupi Power Station's location adversely affects surrounding farms by contributing to air pollution, which can damage crops and reduce agricultural productivity, ultimately threatening livelihoods.

The bar graph shows a negative trend for manufacturing in 2017, indicating a decrease in overall manufacturing activities.

The non-metallic mineral products sector showed improvement in 2017, signaling growth in that specific area.

The manufacturing activity that experienced the least growth in 2017 was clothing production, reflecting trends in the industry.

One possible reason is the influx of cheap imported clothing, which outcompetes local manufacturers and drives local prices down.

Labour-related strikes have disrupted production processes and increased operational costs, negatively impacting overall growth.

Strengthening manufacturing is vital for economic growth, job creation, and reducing reliance on imports, ultimately improving national self-sufficiency.

1. Provide incentives for local manufacturers to innovate and improve productivity.
2. Enhance skills development programs to create a more skilled workforce.

Informal trading refers to business activities that operate outside formal regulations, often unregistered and typically not paying taxes.

The total worth of the South African food market is approximately R485 Billion.

The formal trade market accounts for about 63% of the total food market in South Africa.

1. Spaza outlets are conveniently located close to their customers, attracting regular foot traffic.
2. They offer a wide variety of goods at competitive prices, appealing to local shoppers.

So few informal traders are foreigners due to various barriers.
Firstly, language differences create communication challenges, preventing effective customer interaction.
Moreover, many foreign nationals may lack the necessary permits to operate legally, limiting their involvement in the market.
Economic barriers also play a role, as the initial capital required to start a business can be daunting for newcomers.
Finally, xenophobia and social exclusion discourage foreign traders from entering local markets, resulting in limited participation in the informal sector.
These challenges make it significantly harder for foreigners to thrive in informal trading environments.