Refer to FIGURE 4.1 on rural settlements - NSC Geography - Question 4 - 2018 - Paper 1

The correct letter is A, representing dispersed settlement patterns.

The correct letter is B, as this describes informal or less organized settlements.

The correct letter is C, indicating the linear nature influenced by transportation routes.

The correct letter is A, which describes the extensive land use associated with commercial farms.

The correct letter is C, reflecting a settlement configuration where land is optimally used.

The correct letter is A, verifying the elongated characteristics of farmland layout.

The correct answer is 'Market', indicating industries that cater to perishable goods.

The correct answer is 'Light', as these industries typically deal with smaller-scale operations.

The correct answer is 'Bridge', as they connect resource extraction to customer bases.

The correct answer is 'Ubiquitous', denoting industries not bound by location.

The correct answer is 'Heavy', reflecting the resource-intensive nature of these industries.

The correct answer is 'Market', focusing on customer proximity.

The correct answer is 'Footloose', which indicates flexibility in location.

The correct answer is 'Light', as these industries often need accessibility.

Approximately 60% of residents in South African cities live in shacks, highlighting the prevalence of informal housing.

The dense clustering of shacks is primarily due to the lack of affordable housing options and insufficient urban planning.

1. Protests are organized to demand better living conditions.
2. Public demonstrations highlight issues such as lack of services and security.

People living in informal settlements face numerous challenges that hinder their ability to improve their standard of living. Low income levels make it difficult to afford basic necessities, leading to poor health outcomes. Lack of access to education restricts opportunities for better employment, perpetuating the cycle of poverty. Additionally, informal settlements often suffer from inadequate infrastructure, such as sanitation and electricity. This not only affects daily life but also limits economic activities. Furthermore, social issues like crime and violence create an unsafe environment, discouraging investment and community development. Lastly, government support often prioritizes formal areas, leaving informal residents without necessary resources.

An environmental injustice refers to situations where marginalized communities experience disproportionate negative environmental impacts. This might stem from industrial activities or infrastructure projects that harm their health and living conditions.

The environmental injustice caused by the coal-powered power station includes air pollution affecting nearby communities.

The poor are mainly affected due to their proximity to polluting industries, limited access to healthcare, and lack of resources to combat the environmental degradation.

1. Health issues arise due to poor air quality, leading to respiratory diseases.
2. Economic activities may decline as communities face health risks and lower productivity.

1. Implement stricter regulations on emissions from industries to safeguard health.
2. Offer community health programs to mitigate the effects of pollution.

The location of the Medupi Power Station negatively affects the surrounding farming community by increasing air and soil pollution. This can reduce crop yields and affect the quality of produce, leading to economic losses for farmers.

The bar graph shows a negative trend for manufacturing in 2017, indicating declining output or growth.

The non-metallic minerals sector improved in 2017, reflecting a recovery in demand.

Clothing was the manufacturing activity that had the least growth in 2017.

One possible reason for the lack of growth in clothing manufacturing is increased competition from imported goods, which may be cheaper and more appealing to consumers.

One way labour contributes to negative growth is through high wages that increase production costs, making local products less competitive.

Strengthening the position of manufacturing activities is crucial for job creation, economic growth, and reducing reliance on imports. It can enhance local skills and contribute to overall economic stability.

1. Support and promote local manufacturers through subsidies or tax incentives.
2. Invest in training programs to enhance the skills of the workforce.

Informal trading refers to business activities that are unregistered and do not pay tax, often characterized by small-scale operations.

The total worth of the South African food market is approximately R485 billion.

Approximately 36% of the South African food market is accounted for by the formal trade market.

1. Spaza outlets cater to local needs with convenience, attracting regular customers.
2. They offer a diverse range of affordable products, making them appealing to low-income households.

Many informal traders are foregoing formal business registration due to the high costs and bureaucratic hurdles associated with this process. The fear of regulatory penalties often drives them to operate outside the formal economy where they can maximize profits without paying taxes. Additionally, there's often a lack of understanding about the benefits of registration, which might include access to markets and business development support. They may also contend with seasonal fluctuations in demand, making it difficult to commit to fixed costs associated with formalization. Furthermore, unstable market conditions and competition can discourage these entrepreneurs from seeking formal status. However, by forgoing formal trading, they miss out on essential protections and growth opportunities.