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Explain to what extent Mobutu Sese Seko and Julius Nyerere were able to deal with the political and economic challenges that confronted their respective countries after attaining independence in the 1960s - NSC History - Question 5 - 2019 - Paper 1
Question 5
Explain to what extent Mobutu Sese Seko and Julius Nyerere were able to deal with the political and economic challenges that confronted their respective countries af... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Explain to what extent Mobutu Sese Seko and Julius Nyerere were able to deal with the political and economic challenges that confronted their respective countries after attaining independence in the 1960s - NSC History - Question 5 - 2019 - Paper 1
Step 1
Political Challenges: The Congo
Answer
Mobutu Sese Seko's rise to power was marked by a military coup, leading him to become the President of the Congo. His regime was characterized by authoritarian governance, which he justified as a means to ensure political stability.
Under Mobutu, the political landscape was plagued by corruption and a group of appointed officials exploited their positions for financial gain. His establishment of a strong military presence allowed him to control dissent and maintain power, although this came at the cost of democracy and political plurality.
Step 2
Political Challenges: Tanzania
Answer
In contrast, Julius Nyerere transitioned into power following democratic elections. He initially focused on stability and racial harmony, emphasizing the importance of social equality. Nyerere's leadership led to the establishment of a one-party state, a move that he justified as necessary for national unity.
His administration introduced the 'Leadership Code', which aimed to limit the abuse of power among officials and promote ethical governance. Furthermore, the application of the policy of Africanization was crucial, as Nyerere sought to empower Tanzanians in their own economy and government.
Step 3
Economic Challenges: The Congo
Answer
Economically, the Congo faced significant hurdles. The country initially inherited a single product economy heavily reliant on mining, which limited economic diversification. Mobutu's regime focused excessively on mineral extraction, neglecting other vital sectors such as manufacturing. This lack of industrial development hindered economic growth and led to widespread poverty.
Moreover, rampant kleptocracy and mismanagement resulted in a further decline in infrastructure, exacerbating the gap between the wealthy and the poor.
Step 4
Economic Challenges: Tanzania
Answer
Similarly, Tanzania struggled with a single product economy and lacked a vibrant manufacturing sector after independence. Nyerere's government attempted to address these issues through the Arusha Declaration, which promoted socialist principles to redistribute wealth.
The efforts led to nationalization and aimed to reduce the gap between different social classes, but they faced challenges. The economy remained vulnerable, especially after the shift towards self-sufficiency, which resulted in backlash and resistance from rural communities.
Step 5
Conclusion
Answer
In conclusion, both leaders adopted contrasting approaches in addressing the political and economic challenges of their respective countries. Mobutu's authoritarian rule resulted in temporary stability at the cost of democratic freedoms, while Nyerere's vision of socialism sought inclusivity but faced substantial setbacks. Ultimately, their effectiveness in navigating these challenges remains a complex narrative shaped by their decisions and the socio-economic contexts of the Congo and Tanzania.