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HOW DID THE MASS DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT (MDM) CHALLENGE THE SEGREGATORY LAWS OF SOUTH AFRICA'S APARTHEID GOVERNMENT IN THE LATE 1980s? 1.1 Study Source 1A - NSC History - Question 1 - 2022 - Paper 2
Question 1
HOW DID THE MASS DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT (MDM) CHALLENGE THE SEGREGATORY LAWS OF SOUTH AFRICA'S APARTHEID GOVERNMENT IN THE LATE 1980s? 1.1 Study Source 1A. 1.1.1 Whic... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:HOW DID THE MASS DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT (MDM) CHALLENGE THE SEGREGATORY LAWS OF SOUTH AFRICA'S APARTHEID GOVERNMENT IN THE LATE 1980s? 1.1 Study Source 1A - NSC History - Question 1 - 2022 - Paper 2
Step 1
1.1.1 Which organisation, according to the source, was established as an anti-apartheid successor to the United Democratic Front (UDF) in 1988?
Answer
The organisation established as an anti-apartheid successor to the United Democratic Front (UDF) in 1988 is the Mass Democratic Movement (MDM).
Step 2
1.1.2 What, according to the UDF, was the Mass Democratic Movement (MDM) expected to achieve in the struggle against apartheid? Give TWO responses.
Answer
According to the UDF, the Mass Democratic Movement (MDM) was expected to:
- Strengthen grassroots structures to support the fight against apartheid.
- Involve other organisations in the struggle, thus broadening the resistance.
Step 3
1.1.3 Comment on the implication of the statement, 'a condition for affiliation for anti-apartheid movements was adherence to the provisions of the ANC's Freedom Charter', in the context of the struggle against apartheid.
Answer
The implication of this statement emphasizes the importance of the ANC's Freedom Charter as a guiding principle for all anti-apartheid movements. It suggests that aligning with the Freedom Charter unified various groups in their opposition to apartheid, reinforcing a coherent strategy against segregation laws.
Step 4
1.1.4 Explain the term civil disobedience in the context of activities organised by the MDM in September 1989.
Answer
Civil disobedience refers to the non-violent resistance against unjust laws, particularly in the context of activities organised by the MDM in September 1989. This involved peaceful protests and defiance campaigns against apartheid laws.
Step 5
1.2.1 Explain the messages conveyed in the photograph regarding the MDM's 'Open Hospital' defiance campaign against segregation.
Answer
The photograph conveys messages of unity and determination within the MDM's 'Open Hospital' defiance campaign. It illustrates a multi-racial gathering protesting against segregated medical facilities, demonstrating the partnership between different racial groups in resisting apartheid.
Step 6
1.2.2 Comment on the racial composition of protestors that took part in this campaign.
Answer
The racial composition of the protestors in the campaign was notably multiracial, highlighting the collaborative efforts of various racial groups working together to challenge segregatory laws, which was a significant aspect of the MDM's approach.
Step 7
1.3 Explain how the information in Source 1A supports the evidence in Source 1B regarding the defiance campaigns organised by the MDM against segregatory laws in 1989.
Answer
Source 1A outlines the goals of the MDM to challenge segregation laws, which aligns with Source 1B's portrayal of the MDM's defiance campaigns, like the 'Open Hospital' initiative. Both sources underscore the MDM's commitment to civil disobedience and the active participation of diverse groups.
Step 8
1.4.1 Why, according to the source, did Tutu and Boesak lead a peace march to Parliament on 13 September 1989?
Answer
According to the source, Tutu and Boesak led a peace march to Parliament to protest against police brutality and to call for governmental accountability. This action highlighted the urgent need to address the injustices faced by anti-apartheid activists.
Step 9
1.4.2 Explain what Tutu meant with his expression, 'Fifteen is a massacre ... Even if we deal only with their figures, it is a scandal' in the context of police reaction against protestors.
Answer
Tutu's expression underscores the gravity of the deaths during protests. He highlighted the moral outrage at the police violence, emphasizing that the loss of any lives, particularly in a massacre context, reflects a deeper societal failure and injustice.
Step 10
1.4.3 Quote THREE reasons from the source why De Klerk allowed the peace march to proceed.
Answer
De Klerk allowed the peace march to proceed due to:
- The new policies intended to foster dialogue with the opposition.
- Recognizing the movement as a legitimate expression of dissent against the government.
- The desire to obtain international support amid increasing protests.
Step 11
1.4.4 Why do you think the police kept a low profile during the peace march to the Cape Town City Hall on 13 September 1989?
Answer
The police likely kept a low profile during the peace march to de-escalate tensions and maintain public order, recognizing the importance of the event and the potential backlash from a violent confrontation with protestors.
Step 12
1.4.5 Comment on the usefulness of this source to a researcher studying the events that took place during the peace march to the Cape Town City Hall on 13 September 1989.
Answer
This source is useful as it provides firsthand accounts of the events and sentiments during the peace march. It details the motivations and actions of leaders like Tutu and Boesak, contributing to a deeper understanding of the political climate and public response at that time.
Step 13
1.5.1 According to the source, state THREE ways in which the police dealt with the MDM leaders and protestors who contravened their restriction orders.
Answer
According to the source, the police dealt with MDM leaders and protestors by:
- Arresting and detaining approximately 30 MDM leaders.
- Utilizing force to disperse protests, often resulting in violence.
- Imposing restrictions on movements and gatherings.
Step 14
Step 15
1.5.3 Quote evidence from the source which suggests that the US administration was against the clampdown on Tutu and his support by the apartheid government.
Answer
The source indicates that the US administration expressed disapproval of the actions taken against Tutu, illustrating international concerns regarding the suppression of peaceful dissent and the violations of human rights.
Step 16
1.5.4 Why do you think Lieutenant Gregory Rockman commented that his colleagues had acted like 'wild dogs with a killer instinct'?
Answer
Lieutenant Gregory Rockman's comment reflects a perspective on the aggressive and unrestrained behavior of police in confronting protestors. This language indicates a lack of humanity in their actions, suggesting that they acted beyond their authority or ethical confines.
Step 17
1.6 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining how the MDM challenged the segregatory laws of South Africa's apartheid government in the 1980s.
Answer
The Mass Democratic Movement (MDM) effectively challenged the segregatory laws of South Africa's apartheid government in the 1980s through organized civil disobedience and multi-racial protests. They advocated for the principles outlined in the ANC's Freedom Charter, promoting inclusivity and resistance against apartheid legislation. Campaigns such as the 'Open Hospital' initiative showcased their commitment to ending racial segregation in public services. By mobilizing diverse communities and engaging in peaceful resistance, the MDM played a crucial role in the anti-apartheid struggle.