Explain to what extent boycotts, disinvestments and sanctions by the international anti-apartheid movements were responsible for the eventual downfall of PW Botha's regime in the 1980s - NSC History - Question 4 - 2019 - Paper 2

Boycotts organized by the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) targeted various sectors to create awareness and pressure the apartheid government. Notably, sports boycotts led to South Africa's exclusion from international sporting events, as prominent organizations like the South African Council of Sport (SACOS) refused to participate in events that did not include all athletes regardless of race. This served to isolate the country on a global stage and foster domestic dissent.

Disinvestments became a major strategy for international pressure against the apartheid regime during the 1980s. The International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) and subsequent actions from American and European companies significantly withdrew investments. For instance, between 1985 and 1990, over 200 US companies pulled out from South Africa. The impact of disinvestment was profound, with the South African economy already facing severe turmoil.

Sanctions were imposed in various forms, notably by the United Nations and other international bodies. The Sullivan Principles advocated for the cessation of economic ties unless companies complied with social justice standards. The US Congress also took measures to ban investments and trade with South Africa. These sanctions severely hampered economic growth and contributed to the public's disillusionment with the apartheid government.

International Trade Unions were pivotal in reinforcing the actions against the apartheid regime, leading worldwide campaigns that pressured companies to divest from South Africa. This collective effort orchestrated a unified stance against apartheid, making it increasingly difficult for PW Botha's government to sustain its policies.

In conclusion, the boycotts, disinvestments, and sanctions by international anti-apartheid movements were instrumental in undermining PW Botha's regime. The cumulative effects of these pressures not only isolated South Africa but also precipitated a significant shift towards dismantling apartheid. The evidence strongly supports the argument that these international actions were vital to the eventual political change in South Africa.