Read the article below and answer the questions that follow - NSC Religion Studies - Question 4 - 2019 - Paper 2

The causes of the conflict in Bosnia are multifaceted, involving political, tribal, and religious divisions. Historical grievances play a significant role, with the rise of nationalistic sentiments further exacerbating tensions. Political power struggles among different ethnic groups, particularly during the breakup of Yugoslavia, have been critical in reigniting old hostilities.

Religion significantly impacts the conflict in Bosnia. The religious identities of the different ethnic groups — Bosniaks (Muslims), Serbs (Orthodox Christians), and Croats (Catholic Christians) — have contributed to a perception of the conflict as not only ethnic but also as deeply rooted in religious strife. Religious symbols and affiliations were often exploited for political purposes, fueling hostilities among the communities.

Currently, the situation in Bosnia is calm yet still tense. The aftermath of the war has left deep scars, with political divisions and economic challenges persisting. Ethnic groups continue to live largely segregated lives, and there are ongoing calls for greater political cooperation. Additionally, tensions remain over issues such as refugee return and memorialization of the war.

Religion has played a complex role in the peace process in Bosnia. While religious leaders from different faiths have sometimes worked together to promote peace and reconciliation, historical grievances and nationalism have often overshadowed these efforts. Interfaith initiatives have been attempted but face challenges due to lingering mistrust. More successful peacebuilding efforts have typically involved secular organizations that focus on human rights and community rebuilding, rather than solely relying on religious reconciliation.