Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow - NSC Religion Studies - Question 4 - 2020 - Paper 2

The conflict in Sudan has lasted for more than 100 years, driven by deep-rooted ethnic, religious, and economic factors. The north of Sudan largely consists of Arabic-speaking Muslim tribes, while the south has a mix of Christians and animists. The discovery of oil in the south exacerbated tensions, as the north sought to exert control over this wealthy resource.

Additionally, when Khartoum imposed Sharia law, it led to increased resistance from southern groups, culminating in the formation of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). This group eventually fragmented, leading to internal strife that complicates the conflict further.

1. The World Council of Churches played a significant role in mediating peace efforts in Sudan, acting as a facilitator for various religious leaders to promote dialogue and peaceful coexistence.

2. The African Conference of Churches has also been influential in advocating for reconciliation among various ethnic and religious groups, aiding in initiatives that sought to resolve the conflict through community engagement and dialogue.

1. South Africa is a secular state, ensuring that powers of state and religion remain separate, which helps to mitigate potential conflicts.

2. The South African Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, allowing individuals to practice their faith freely, reducing tensions between religious groups.

3. There is significant co-existence among various religious groups, fostering an environment of mutual respect and tolerance.

4. The educational system in South Africa is designed to accommodate diverse religious beliefs, allowing learners from different backgrounds to engage with different faiths.

European domination in churches often marginalized African voices in religious practices, leading to discontent among local populations. This discontent prompted some African ministers to break away from established Western churches to create their own denominations. The establishment of separate Christian communities allowed for the incorporation of traditional African beliefs and practices into worship. Furthermore, these new African Initiated Churches (AICs) provided a platform for Africans to express their spirituality without the constraints imposed by colonial powers. AICs often emphasize community and local cultural expressions, which resonated more deeply with African congregants. Thus, AICs served as a means of asserting cultural identity and religious autonomy in the face of colonial oppression.