Diction and Figurative Language

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o uses a rich and unique style of language to reflect African culture, colonialism, and resistance. His use of diction (word choice) and figurative language adds depth to the novel and strengthens its themes.

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African Influence in Language

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o gives the novel an African flavour by incorporating:

• Kiswahili and Kikuyu words to reflect the Kenyan setting.
• Traditional Kenyan proverbs, songs, and folk stories to preserve cultural identity and show the wisdom of the people.

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Biblical Language and Christian Influence

The novel includes biblical language and ideas, starting with its title, which comes from a biblical quote.

• Christianity was introduced to Kenya by white colonisers, and Ngũgĩ uses biblical references to critique colonial injustice.
• Example (Chapter 2):
• Kihika speaks about how Christianity was used to manipulate Kenyans:

"We went to their church... Mubia said, Let us shut our eyes. We did. You know, his remained open so that he could read the word. When we opened our eyes, our land was gone..."

• This passage shows how religion was used to justify land theft and oppression.

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Use of Imagery and Figurative Language

📌 Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o uses strong imagery to create vivid descriptions and highlight key ideas.

• Metaphors are used frequently in the novel.
• Example: The train is compared to "an iron snake", representing:
  • British colonialism
  • Technological advancement brought by the British
  • Fear and suspicion among Kenyans towards foreign influence

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✅ Key Takeaways

• Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o blends African and biblical language to reflect history, culture, and colonial impact.
• Biblical references are used to criticise colonial rule.
• Imagery and figurative language strengthen themes and create a powerful emotional impact.