Negotiated Settlement and GNU

By the early 1990s, South Africa began a significant transformation, transitioning from apartheid to democracy. This change was facilitated by multi-party negotiations, which were vital for the country's democratic progression.

Transition from Apartheid to Democracy

Socio-political Climate

• Political Violence: Direct transitions were hindered by political violence, necessitating negotiations. Events like the Boipatong Massacre underscored the severity of conflicts.
• Nelson Mandela's Secret Discussions: These meetings with apartheid government officials laid crucial groundwork for formal negotiations.

Economic Factors

• Economic Sanctions: Critical sectors like oil and banking urged the apartheid regime to consider reforms due to increased socio-economic pressures.

Key Tensions Leading to Negotiations

Role of F.W. de Klerk

• Policy Shifts: Under pressure, de Klerk initiated changes, such as unbanning the ANC.

Opposition and Conservative Forces

• Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP): As a symbol of resistance, the IFP exemplified the complexities within multi-party talks.

Role of International Pressure

Global Sanctions

• International sanctions compelled South Africa to engage seriously in negotiations.

Impact of the End of the Cold War

• The end of the Cold War eased international pressures, facilitating negotiations.

Timeline of Negotiation Events (1990-1993)

• Mandela's Release: February 1990.
• Unbanning of ANC: February 1990.

Overview of Major Parties

• African National Congress (ANC):

  • Founded in 1912, focused on the liberation struggle and promoting equality.
  • Goals: End apartheid and establish universal suffrage.

• National Party (NP):

  • Ruled from 1948 to maintain apartheid, shifted towards negotiations under de Klerk.
  • Goals: Secure minority rights and ensure power-sharing.

• Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP):

  • Led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, focused on Zulu nationalism.
  • Goals: Advocate for Zulu autonomy and set negotiation preconditions.

Profiles of Key Figures

• Nelson Mandela (ANC):

  • Released on 11 February 1990, he was a pivotal negotiation leader.
  • Promoted inclusivity and a peaceful transition.

• F.W. de Klerk (NP):

  • Unbanned political organisations and initiated political reforms.

• Mangosuthu Buthelezi (IFP):

  • Advocated for Zulu cultural demands and federalism.

Key Venues for Negotiation

• World Trade Centre, Johannesburg: The principal venue for significant negotiations such as the CODESA talks.
• Notable Venues: Facilitated informal and semi-formal meetings.

Stages of Negotiation

• Initial Informal Talks: Fostered mutual understanding among the stakeholders.
• Formal Negotiations & CODESA: Structured talks pivotal for the democratic transition.

• Transitional Executive Council (TEC) Formation: Established the governance framework.

Duration and Challenges in Negotiations

• Major Interruptions: The Boipatong Massacre highlighted ongoing threats.
• Negotiation Challenges: Political violence and differing constitutional proposals complicated discussions.

Strategic Highlights and Agreements

• Main Agreements: Included constitutional changes, such as a Bill of Rights,

  • Marked the abolition of discriminatory laws and ensured equal rights.

• Government of National Unity (GNU): Involved key political parties to facilitate the transition.

Lasting Impacts and Legacy

• Peace and Stability: Established frameworks for prolonged peace.
• Democratic Governance: Laid the foundation for present-day democracy.
• Social and Economic Improvements:
  • Led to increased access to education and healthcare.